油氣回收的方法有哪些？

　　What are the methods for oil and gas recovery?

　　油氣回收是節(jié)能環(huán)保型的新技術(shù)，運(yùn)用油氣回收技術(shù)回收油品在儲(chǔ)運(yùn)、裝卸過程中排放的油氣，防止油氣揮發(fā)造成的大氣污染，消除安全隱患，通過提高對能源的利用率，減小經(jīng)濟(jì)損失，從而得到可觀的效益回報(bào)。常見的方法有吸附法、吸收法、冷凝法和膜分離法等系統(tǒng)。那么油氣回收的方法有哪些呢？

　　Oil and gas recovery is a new energy-saving and environmentally friendly technology that uses oil and gas recovery technology to recover the oil and gas emitted during the storage, transportation, loading and unloading of oil products, prevent air pollution caused by oil and gas volatilization, eliminate safety hazards, improve energy utilization efficiency, reduce economic losses, and thus obtain considerable benefits and returns. Common methods include adsorption, absorption, condensation, and membrane separation systems. So what are the methods for oil and gas recovery?

　　1、吸附法

　　1. Adsorption method

　　利用活性炭、硅膠或活性纖維等吸附劑對油氣/空氣混合氣的吸附力的大小，實(shí)現(xiàn)油氣和空氣的分離。油氣通過活性炭等吸附劑，油氣組分吸附在吸附劑表面，然后再經(jīng)過減壓脫附或蒸汽脫附，富集的油氣用真空泵抽吸到油罐或用其他方法液化；而活性炭等吸附劑對空氣的吸附力非常小，未被吸附的尾氣經(jīng)排氣管排放。

　　By utilizing adsorbents such as activated carbon, silica gel, or activated fibers to determine the adsorption force of oil gas/air mixtures, the separation of oil gas and air can be achieved. Oil and gas are adsorbed on the surface of adsorbents such as activated carbon, and then undergo depressurization or steam desorption. The enriched oil and gas are pumped into oil tanks by vacuum pumps or liquefied by other methods; The adsorption force of activated carbon and other adsorbents on air is very small, and the unadsorbed exhaust gas is discharged through the exhaust pipe.

　　優(yōu)點(diǎn)：吸附法可以達(dá)到較高的處理效率；

　　Advantages: Adsorption method can achieve high processing efficiency;

　　排放濃度低，可達(dá)到很低的值。

　　The emission concentration is low and can reach very low values.

　　缺點(diǎn)：

　　Disadvantages:

　　三苯易使活性炭失活，活性炭失活后存在二次污染問題；

　　Triphenyl is prone to deactivation of activated carbon, and there is a secondary pollution problem after deactivation of activated carbon;

　　國產(chǎn)活性炭吸附力一般只有7%左右，而且壽命不長，一般2年左右要換一次。

　　The adsorption capacity of domestically produced activated carbon is generally only about 7%, and its lifespan is not long, usually requiring replacement every 2 years.

　　2、吸收法

　　2. Absorption method

　　根據(jù)混合油氣中各組分在吸收劑中的溶解度的大小，來進(jìn)行油氣和空氣的分離。一般用柴油等貧油做吸收劑。一般采用油氣與從吸收塔頂淋噴的吸收劑進(jìn)行逆流接觸，吸收劑對烴類組分進(jìn)行選擇性吸收，未被吸收的氣體經(jīng)阻火器排放，吸收劑進(jìn)入真空解吸罐解吸，富集油氣再用油品吸收。

　　Separate oil and air based on the solubility of each component in the absorbent in the mixed oil and gas mixture. Generally, lean fuels such as diesel are used as absorbents. Generally, oil and gas are in countercurrent contact with the absorbent sprayed from the top of the absorption tower. The absorbent selectively absorbs hydrocarbon components, and the unabsorbed gas is discharged through a flame arrester. The absorbent enters a vacuum desorption tank for desorption, and the enriched oil and gas are then absorbed by oil products.

　　優(yōu)點(diǎn)：工藝簡單，投資成本低。

　　Advantages: Simple process and low investment cost.

　　缺點(diǎn)：回收率太低，一般只能達(dá)到80%左右，無法達(dá)到現(xiàn)行國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；

　　Disadvantages: The recycling rate is too low, generally only reaching around 80%, which cannot meet the current national standards;

　　設(shè)備占地空間大；

　　The equipment occupies a large space;

　　能耗高；

　　High energy consumption;

　　吸收劑消耗較大，需不斷補(bǔ)充；

　　Absorbent consumption is high and needs to be continuously replenished;

　　壓力降太大，達(dá)5000帕左右。

　　The pressure drop is too large, reaching around 5000 Pa.

　　3、冷凝法

　　3. Condensation method

　　利用制冷技術(shù)將油氣的熱量置換出來，實(shí)現(xiàn)油氣組分從氣相到液相的直接轉(zhuǎn)換。冷凝法是利用烴類物質(zhì)在不同溫度下的蒸汽壓差異，通過降溫使油氣中一些烴類蒸汽壓達(dá)到過飽和狀態(tài)，過飽和蒸汽冷凝成液態(tài)，回收油氣的方法。一般采用多級連續(xù)冷卻方法降低油氣的溫度，使之凝聚為液體回收，根據(jù)揮發(fā)氣的成分、要求的回收率及最后排放到大氣中的尾氣中有機(jī)化合物濃度限值，來確定冷凝裝置的最低溫度。一般按預(yù)冷、機(jī)械制冷等步驟來實(shí)現(xiàn)。預(yù)冷器是一單級冷卻裝置，為減少回收裝置的運(yùn)行能耗，現(xiàn)已開發(fā)出一種使用冷量回用的技術(shù)，使進(jìn)入回收裝置的氣體溫度從環(huán)境溫度下降至4℃左右，使氣體中大部分水汽凝結(jié)為水而除去。氣體離開預(yù)冷器后進(jìn)入淺冷級?？蓪怏w溫度冷卻至－30℃～－50℃，根據(jù)需要設(shè)定，可回收油氣中近一半的烴類物質(zhì)。離開淺冷的油氣進(jìn)入深冷級，可冷卻至－73℃到－110℃，根據(jù)不同的要求設(shè)定溫度和進(jìn)行壓縮機(jī)的配置。

　　Using refrigeration technology to replace the heat of oil and gas, achieving direct conversion of oil and gas components from gas phase to liquid phase. The condensation method is a method of recovering oil and gas by utilizing the difference in vapor pressure of hydrocarbon substances at different temperatures, cooling down to achieve supersaturation of some hydrocarbon vapor pressure in oil and gas, and condensing supersaturated vapor into liquid state. Generally, multi-stage continuous cooling method is used to reduce the temperature of oil and gas, so that it condenses into liquid for recovery. The minimum temperature of the condensing device is determined based on the composition of the volatile gas, the required recovery rate, and the concentration limit of organic compounds in the exhaust gas finally discharged into the atmosphere. Generally, it is achieved through steps such as pre cooling and mechanical refrigeration. The precooler is a single-stage cooling device. In order to reduce the operating energy consumption of the recovery device, a technology has been developed that uses cold recycling to lower the temperature of the gas entering the recovery device from ambient temperature to around 4 ℃, causing most of the water vapor in the gas to condense into water and be removed. The gas leaves the pre cooler and enters the shallow cooling stage. The gas temperature can be cooled to -30 ℃ to -50 ℃, and can be set as needed to recover nearly half of the hydrocarbon substances in oil and gas. Leaving the shallow cooled oil and gas, it enters the cryogenic stage and can be cooled to -73 ℃ to -110 ℃. The temperature and compressor configuration can be set according to different requirements.

　　優(yōu)點(diǎn)：工藝原理簡單，經(jīng)濟(jì)效益最可觀；

　　Advantages: Simple process principle and the most significant economic benefits;

　　可直觀的看到液態(tài)的回收油品；

　　You can visually see the liquid recovered oil products;

　　安全性高；

　　High safety;

　　自動(dòng)化水平高 。

　　High level of automation.

　　缺點(diǎn)：前期投資大。制冷能耗高，需要至少兩個(gè)冷凝器切換工作，要提前開機(jī)制冷！

　　Disadvantage: Large upfront investment. High cooling energy consumption, requiring at least two condensers to switch operations, and early startup for cooling is necessary!

　　4、直接燃燒法

　　4. Direct combustion method

　　這種方法是將儲(chǔ)運(yùn)過程中產(chǎn)生的含烴氣體直接氧化燃燒，燃燒產(chǎn)生的二氧化炭、水和空氣作為處理后的凈化氣體直接排放。該工藝流程僅作為一種控制油氣排放的處理措施，其不能回收油品，也沒有經(jīng)濟(jì)效益。

　　This method involves the direct oxidation and combustion of hydrocarbon containing gases generated during storage and transportation. The resulting carbon dioxide, water, and air are directly discharged as purified gases after treatment. This process is only used as a treatment measure to control oil and gas emissions, and it cannot recover oil products and has no economic benefits.

　　5、膜分離法

　　5. Membrane separation method

　　利用特殊高分子膜對烴類有優(yōu)先透過性的特點(diǎn)，讓油氣和空氣混合氣在一定壓力的推動(dòng)下 ，使油氣分子優(yōu)先透過高分子膜，而空氣組分則被截留排放，富集的油氣傳輸回油罐或用其他方法液化。

　　By utilizing the preferential permeability of special polymer membranes for hydrocarbons, the mixture of oil, gas, and air is pushed under a certain pressure to allow oil and gas molecules to preferentially pass through the polymer membrane, while air components are intercepted and discharged. The enriched oil and gas are transported back to the oil tank or liquefied by other methods.

　　優(yōu)點(diǎn)：技術(shù)先進(jìn)，工藝相對簡單；

　　Advantages: Advanced technology, relatively simple process;

　　可直觀的看到液態(tài)的回收油品；

　　You can visually see the liquid recovered oil products;

　　安全性高；

　　High safety;

　　自動(dòng)化水平高

　　High level of automation

　　缺點(diǎn)：膜分離裝置要求穩(wěn)流、穩(wěn)壓氣體。

　　Disadvantage: Membrane separation devices require stable flow and stable pressure gas.

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