石油等油品在煉制、儲(chǔ)運(yùn)、銷售等過程中會(huì)揮發(fā)出部分輕烴組分進(jìn)入大氣，造成資源浪費(fèi)和環(huán)境危害。冷凝法油氣回收技術(shù)利用機(jī)械制冷方法制取低溫來冷凝油氣中的輕烴組分實(shí)現(xiàn)油氣回收。該技術(shù)節(jié)能環(huán)保、關(guān)鍵技術(shù)成熟、系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行穩(wěn)定、安全性好，應(yīng)用前景廣闊。

　　Petroleum and other oil products will release some light hydrocarbon components into the atmosphere during refining, storage, transportation, and sales, causing resource waste and environmental hazards. The condensation method for oil and gas recovery technology utilizes mechanical refrigeration to produce low temperatures for condensing light hydrocarbon components in oil and gas to achieve oil and gas recovery. This technology is energy-saving and environmentally friendly, with mature key technologies, stable system operation, good safety, and broad application prospects.

　　1 冷凝法油氣回收技術(shù)的應(yīng)用

　　Application of Condensation based Oil and Gas Recovery Technology

　　20世紀(jì)40年代開始，美國(guó)、前蘇聯(lián)等石油公司、環(huán)保部門及研究機(jī)構(gòu)已經(jīng)深入研究了損耗機(jī)理，并采取措施降低油品的蒸發(fā)損耗。20世紀(jì)60年代，以美國(guó)為代表的發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家開始了對(duì)油氣回收技術(shù)的研究，市場(chǎng)上出現(xiàn)了專用的油氣回收處理 裝置。1970-1976 年間，冷凝法技術(shù)回收油氣得到了較好的發(fā)展，美國(guó)安裝了超過150套的冷凝回收 系統(tǒng)，回收效率達(dá)到了90%.之后， EdwardsR C.等人進(jìn)一步研究冷凝法油氣回收系統(tǒng)，并逐步完善 冷凝法油氣回收的理論。1997 年，美國(guó)愛德華茲 公司就在世界各大石油公司安裝了400 多臺(tái)“冷凝法"油氣回收設(shè)備。20世紀(jì)90年代，計(jì)算機(jī)模擬軟件迅速發(fā)展，加拿大HYPROTECH公司研發(fā)的HYSYS模擬軟件，可以比較準(zhǔn)確的模擬系統(tǒng)同流程，計(jì)算油氣等混合物的物性，通過動(dòng)態(tài)模擬，比較不同油氣組分的回收效果并做分析研究，為實(shí)際應(yīng)用提供理論.上的指導(dǎo)。當(dāng)前，歐盟等很多國(guó)家也已普遍對(duì)油氣回收技術(shù)進(jìn)行了研究與探討。

　　Since the 1940s, oil companies, environmental departments, and research institutions in the United States, former Soviet Union, and other countries have conducted in-depth research on the mechanism of oil loss and taken measures to reduce the evaporation loss of oil products. In the 1960s, developed countries represented by the United States began research on oil and gas recovery technology, and specialized oil and gas recovery and treatment devices appeared on the market. Between 1970 and 1976, condensation technology for oil and gas recovery made significant progress, with over 150 condensation recovery systems installed in the United States, achieving a recovery efficiency of 90% Afterwards, EdwardsR C. and others further studied the condensation based oil and gas recovery system and gradually improved the theory of condensation based oil and gas recovery. In 1997, Edwards Corporation in the United States installed more than 400 "condensation method" oil and gas recovery equipment in major oil companies around the world. In the 1990s, computer simulation software developed rapidly, and HYSYS simulation software developed by Canada's HYPROTECH company can accurately simulate the system and process, calculate the physical properties of oil and gas mixtures, compare the recovery effects of different oil and gas components through dynamic simulation, and conduct analysis and research, providing theory for practical applications Guidance from above. Currently, many countries such as the European Union have also conducted research and exploration on oil and gas recovery technology.

　　2 冷凝法油氣回收技術(shù)原理

　　Principle of Condensation based Oil and Gas Recovery Technology

　　冷凝法油氣回收技術(shù)就是利用不同溫度下烴類物質(zhì)蒸汽壓的差異，通過采用機(jī)械制冷循環(huán)技術(shù)制取低溫，置換出油氣的汽化潛熱，使油氣中的一-些烴類蒸汽壓達(dá)到過飽和狀態(tài)，從而冷凝為液態(tài)，以實(shí)現(xiàn)油氣的回收和利用。-般油氣冷凝回收流程分為預(yù)冷、中冷、深冷三個(gè)冷卻步驟。

　　The condensation method for oil and gas recovery technology utilizes the difference in vapor pressure of hydrocarbon substances at different temperatures, and uses mechanical refrigeration cycle technology to produce low temperatures, replace the latent heat of vaporization of oil and gas, and make some hydrocarbon vapor pressure in oil and gas reach supersaturation state, thereby condensing into liquid state to achieve oil and gas recovery and utilization. -The general oil and gas condensation recovery process is divided into three cooling steps: pre cooling, intermediate cooling, and deep cooling.

　　預(yù)冷級(jí)設(shè)置的主要目的是為了使油氣預(yù)冷， 進(jìn)入預(yù)冷器內(nèi)的油氣會(huì)從環(huán)境溫度下降至4℃ 左右，這樣既可以使氣體中的高碳烴組分冷凝下來，防止其進(jìn)入中置冷凝器內(nèi)繼續(xù)換熱，增加能耗，又能使油氣預(yù)冷，減少中置冷凝器和末置冷凝器的冷負(fù)荷。預(yù)冷同時(shí)能將油氣中的-部分水蒸氣冷凝下來，防止中置冷凝器結(jié)霜，阻塞管路。

　　The main purpose of setting the pre cooling stage is to pre cool the oil and gas. The oil and gas entering the pre cooler will drop from the ambient temperature to around 4 ℃. This can not only condense the high carbon hydrocarbon components in the gas, prevent them from entering the mid condenser for further heat exchange, increase energy consumption, but also pre cool the oil and gas, reducing the cooling load of the mid condenser and the final condenser. Pre cooling can also condense some of the water vapor in the oil and gas, preventing frost formation in the central condenser and blocking the pipeline.

　　中冷級(jí)設(shè)置的主要目的就是為了降低油氣的溫度，將大部分可回收輕烴組分及水蒸氣冷凝下來，中冷級(jí)溫度設(shè)置的越低，就越能減少深冷級(jí)的能耗，考慮到制冷系統(tǒng)的能耗問題，中冷級(jí)的溫度也不可以太低，根據(jù)已有研究，中冷級(jí)溫度可設(shè)置 在-30 ~ -70℃之間。中冷級(jí)是設(shè)置一個(gè)冷卻分離器還是兩個(gè)冷卻分離器，需要進(jìn)一-步分析研究。深冷級(jí)設(shè)置的主要目的是能將油氣中小分子輕烴組分冷凝下來，使油氣的回收效率及尾氣排放濃度達(dá)到國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，已有研究表明，為達(dá)到國(guó)家排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，油氣中的非甲烷總烴的冷凝溫度需達(dá)到 -100 ~ -120℃， 有學(xué)者認(rèn)為，應(yīng)在機(jī)械制冷后增 加液氮制冷級(jí)，使油氣達(dá)到更低的溫度-160 ~-180℃，但就目前研究來看，無需液氨制冷級(jí)，-110℃的低溫便可以使油氣回收效果滿足國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。

　　The main purpose of setting the intermediate cooling stage is to reduce the temperature of oil and gas, condense most of the recoverable light hydrocarbon components and water vapor. The lower the intermediate cooling stage temperature is set, the more it can reduce the energy consumption of the cryogenic stage. Considering the energy consumption of the refrigeration system, the temperature of the intermediate cooling stage cannot be too low. According to existing research, the intermediate cooling stage temperature can be set between -30~-70 ℃. Further analysis and research are needed to determine whether to install one or two cooling separators in the intermediate cooling stage. The main purpose of setting the cryogenic stage is to condense small molecule light hydrocarbon components in oil and gas, so that the recovery efficiency and exhaust emission concentration of oil and gas can meet national standards. Previous studies have shown that in order to meet national emission standards, the condensation temperature of non methane total hydrocarbons in oil and gas needs to reach -100~-120 ℃. Some scholars believe that a liquid nitrogen refrigeration stage should be added after mechanical refrigeration to lower the temperature of oil and gas to -160~-180 ℃. However, according to current research, there is no need for a liquid ammonia refrigeration stage, and a low temperature of -110 ℃ can make the oil and gas recovery effect meet national standards.

　　3 冷凝法油氣回收技術(shù)與其它回收技術(shù)比較

　　Comparison of Condensation based Oil and Gas Recovery Technology with Other Recovery Technologies

　　3.1與吸收法油氣回收技術(shù)比較

　　3.1 Comparison with absorption based oil and gas recovery technology

　　吸收法是利用具有揮發(fā)性的輕烴組分易溶于有機(jī)溶劑的原理，實(shí)現(xiàn)油氣與空氣的分離。該技術(shù)難點(diǎn)在于吸收劑的選擇上，由于吸收劑吸收油氣后不可再循環(huán)利用，使用范圍有限，一般只能適用于煉油廠中的油氣回收。

　　The absorption method utilizes the principle that volatile light hydrocarbon components are easily soluble in organic solvents to achieve the separation of oil and gas from air. The technical difficulty lies in the selection of absorbents. As absorbents cannot be recycled after absorbing oil and gas, their scope of use is limited and they are generally only suitable for oil and gas recovery in refineries.

　　3.2與吸附法油氣回收技術(shù)比較

　　3.2 Comparison with adsorption based oil and gas recovery technology

　　吸附法是利用硅膠、活性炭、活性纖維等吸附劑對(duì)油氣中各組分吸附力的不同來實(shí)現(xiàn)混合油氣的分離。目前，各種吸附劑都存在-.定的問題，如吸附劑劣化、可燃性、活性炭導(dǎo)熱系數(shù)低、活性炭纖維價(jià)格商、解吸較難、填充體積大、硅膠吸水性強(qiáng)等問題，吸附法技術(shù)在國(guó)外較為成熟，國(guó)內(nèi)的使用并不廣泛。

　　Adsorption method is the use of adsorbents such as silica gel, activated carbon, and activated fibers to achieve the separation of mixed oil and gas based on the different adsorption forces of each component in oil and gas. At present, various adsorbents exist The fixed issues, such as deterioration of adsorbents, flammability, low thermal conductivity of activated carbon, high cost of activated carbon fibers, difficult desorption, large filling volume, and strong water absorption of silica gel, indicate that adsorption technology is relatively mature abroad but not widely used domestically.

　　3.3與膜分離法油氣回收技術(shù)比較

　　3.3 Comparison with membrane separation method for oil and gas recovery technology

　　膜分離法是一種基于溶解擴(kuò)散機(jī)理，采用特殊材料和方法制成的分離膜對(duì)氣體具有滲透性，利用一定壓力下混合氣體中各組分在膜中具有不同的滲透速率，實(shí)現(xiàn)分離的氣體分離技術(shù)。目前膜分離技術(shù)正處于發(fā)展上升階段，且存在二次污染問題，我國(guó)應(yīng)用也不是十分廣泛。

　　Membrane separation method is a gas separation technology based on the dissolution diffusion mechanism, using special materials and methods to make separation membranes that have permeability to gases. It utilizes the different permeation rates of each component in a mixed gas under a certain pressure in the membrane to achieve separation. At present, membrane separation technology is in an upward stage of development, and there is a problem of secondary pollution. Its application in China is not very extensive.

　　3.4 冷凝法油氣回收技術(shù)的特點(diǎn)

　　3.4 Characteristics of Condensation based Oil and Gas Recovery Technology

　　冷凝法油氣回收技術(shù)裝置采用經(jīng)典復(fù)疊或自復(fù)疊制冷工藝，具有維護(hù)操作方便，安全性好，流程短，設(shè)備少，安全性好等特點(diǎn)，輸出的液態(tài)油可直接利用。工藝原理簡(jiǎn)明，無需二次工藝處理，而其它油氣回收方法必須采用噴淋等二次工藝來處理富集的油氣，造成了循環(huán)流量大，能耗高等問題。

　　The condensation method oil and gas recovery technology device adopts classic cascade or self cascade refrigeration processes, which have the characteristics of easy maintenance and operation, good safety, short process, few equipment, and good safety. The output liquid oil can be directly utilized. The process principle is concise and does not require secondary processing, while other oil and gas recovery methods must use secondary processes such as spraying to process enriched oil and gas, resulting in problems such as large circulation flow and high energy consumption.

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